Hesitação vacinal de familiares de crianças durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Vaccine hesitancy in families of children during the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as razões que levaram familiares de crianças à hesitação vacinal durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos estudo qualitativo com entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com 20 familiares, sendo todas mães de crianças hospitalizadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise lexicográfica, com o auxílio do software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires, pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados o medo do deslocamento durante a pandemia e o desabastecimento de vacinas se mostraram razões geradoras de hesitação vacinal de familiares de crianças durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusão os motivos da hesitação vacinal de familiares de crianças identificadas nesse estudo ameaçam o avanço no combate às doenças imunopreveníveis. Contribuições para a prática órgãos governamentais, gestores e enfermeiros das unidades de saúde devem se corresponsabilizar pela tomada de medidas eficazes de implementação de educação em saúde com esse público, criando vínculo de confiança para reduzir os riscos do aumento da hesitação vacinal e das coberturas vacinais no país.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the reasons that led families of children to vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods qualitative study with semi-structured interviews carried out with 20 children's relatives, all of which were mothers of hospitalized children. Data was submitted to lexicographical analysis in the software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires, using descending hierarchical classification. Results the fear of leaving one's house during the pandemic and the lack of vaccine supplies were the reasons found for vaccine hesitancy in the family of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the families of children found in this study threaten advancements in the struggle against vaccine-preventable diseases. Contributions to practice government bodies, managers, and health unit nurses should be co-responsible for efficient measures to implement health education in this public, creating a bond of trust to reduce the risks from the increase in vaccine hesitancy and reduction in vaccine coverage in the country.

Importance of vaccination against human papillomavirus in a rural settlement in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul / Importância da vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano em um assentamento rural em Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To understand health professionals' perceptions about vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) in the Santa Mônica rural settlement in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative methodologies, consultations on vaccination cards, records of community health agents and the focus group technique were used. The main factors of hesitation and vaccine refusal were analyzed, as well as the health team's strategies for the process of immunization against HPV, from June to August 2018. RESULTS Of 121 children and adolescents, 81 (66.94%) received the complete vaccination schedule. Complete vaccination coverage for women was 73.17% (60/82) and for men, 53.8% (21/39). It was observed that, although strategies are adopted for vaccine promotion, such as mobile actions, the public is resistant due to superficial knowledge about the vaccine and its use in an early age group, showing itself to be susceptible to the negative influence of the media and to society's taboos. In addition, difficulties regarding the use of the Unified Health System card and the shortage of professionals were also observed. CONCLUSION The results explain the immunization coverage below the target and reinforce the need to strengthen the family health strategy, as well as the permanent and continuing education of professionals, in order to increase parental confidence and adherence to vaccination.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Compreender as percepções dos profissionais de saúde acerca da vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) no Complexo de assentamentos Santa Mônica, em Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS Foram utilizadas metodologias quanti-qualitativas, consultas em cartões vacinais, registros de agente comunitários de saúde e a técnica de grupo focal. Foram analisados os principais fatores de hesitação e recusa vacinal, bem como as estratégias da equipe de saúde para o processo de imunização contra o HPV, de junho a agosto de 2018. RESULTADOS De 121 crianças e adolescentes, 81 (66,94%) receberam o esquema vacinal completo. A cobertura vacinal completa feminina foi de 73,17% (60/82) e a masculina de 53,8% (21/39). Observou-se que, embora sejam adotadas estratégias para a promoção da vacina, como ações volantes, o público encontra-se resistente devido ao conhecimento superficial sobre a vacina e sua utilização em faixa etária precoce, mostrando-se suscetível à influência negativa da mídia e aos tabus da sociedade. Além disso, dificuldades quanto ao uso do cartão do Sistema Único de Saúde e a escassez de profissionais também foram observadas. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados justificam a cobertura vacinal abaixo da meta e reforçam a necessidade de fortalecimento da estratégia de saúde da família, bem como da educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais, a fim de aumentar a confiança dos pais e a adesão à vacinação.

Percepciones de aceptabilidad y reticencia a las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en el Perú / Perceptions of acceptance and reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar los factores que predisponen la aceptabilidad o reticencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 utilizando métodos cualitativos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado entre abril y junio del 2021. Se utilizó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada que exploró las percepciones de los participantes de diferentes regiones del Perú con relación a la aplicación de la vacuna para la COVID-19, tomando como marco teórico el modelo de creencias en salud, cuyas dimensiones son: susceptibilidad, severidad, beneficios, barreras y estímulos asociados para ejecutar la acción. Resultados. Se entrevistó a treinta personas, en su mayoría mujeres. Para los participantes la eficacia de las vacunas se relaciona con el país de procedencia, además, consideran que es importante conocer los efectos a largo plazo en la salud luego de la aplicación de la vacuna. La información recibida por las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias puede ser un factor decisivo para la aplicación de la vacuna. Las personas con la intención de no vacunarse sienten que las estrategias de promoción de la vacunación vulneran sus derechos humanos. Conclusiones. Existe un grupo de personas indecisas o inseguras de recibir las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en quienes es necesario fomentar estímulos de acuerdo con sus preocupaciones y necesidades. Las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias deben trabajar conjuntamente para mejorar la confianza de la población y brindar mensajes que despejen las principales dudas sobre la eficacia y las reacciones adversas de las vacunas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore factors that influence the acceptance or reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination using qualitative methods. Materials and methods. Descriptive qualitative study conducted between April and June 2021. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the perceptions of participants from different regions of Peru regarding COVID-19 vaccination. The Health Belief Model was used as theoretical framework and its dimensions are: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Results. We interviewed 30 people, mostly were women. For the participants, the efficacy of vaccines is related to the country of origin of the vaccines; in addition, they consider that it is important to know the long-term effects on health after vaccination. The information received by governmental and health authorities can be a decisive factor for vaccination. People with the intention of not being vaccinated feel that vaccination promotion strategies violate their human rights. Conclusions. There is a group of people undecided or unsure about receiving COVID-19 vaccines who need to be encouraged according to their concerns and needs. Governmental and health authorities should work together to improve the confidence of the population and provide messages to clarify doubts about the efficacy and adverse reactions of vaccines.

Aceptabilidad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 en alumnos de una universidad pública de Honduras / Acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine in students of a public university in Honduras

La pandemia de la COVID-19 continúa reportando casos y fallecimientos a nivel mundial y nacional. La vacuna contra COVID-19, ha logrado contener la propagación de la enfermedad, sin embargo, todavía no tiene una aceptación total. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento, actitudes y aceptabilidad de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 y factores asociados, en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH) en año 2021. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo con análisis de asociación. La población de estudio fueron los estudiantes de la UNAH. Resultados: Un total de 1,417 estudiantes participaron, de los cuales el 52.3% (741) no estaban vacunados contra la COVID-19. Se encontró que el 93.5% (693/741) aceptaría aplicarse la vacuna. Se realizó una regresión logística binaria múltiple reportando que, el grupo de edad de 40 a 44 años tendrían mayor posibilidad de no aceptabilidad de la vacuna (OR=17, IC95% 2.462-120.661; p=0.004). Con respecto a los factores psicosociales se encontró que, la norma subjetiva y el control conductual inadecuado conllevaría a mayor posibilidad de no aceptación de la vacuna. (OR=11.4, IC95% 3.605- 36.664; p=0.000) y (OR=4.6, IC95% 1.678-12.281; p=0.003), respectivamente. Finalmente, la actitud social y la percepción de riesgo inadecuado implicaría no aceptar la vacuna (OR=13, IC95% 5.683-30.322; p=0.000) y (OR=6, IC95% 2.189- 15.159; p=0.000), respectivamente. Discusión: Según los resultados de este estudio, los estudiantes que no aceptaron vacunarse tuvieron influencia en su entorno familiar, social y de su propia capacidad para decidir, sumado a una percepción de riesgo inadecuada por una influencia directa en los mismos...(AU)

Vaccine hesitation and the 'pandemic' of the unvaccined: What to do to face the new "Vaccine Revolt"? / Hesitação vacinal e a 'pandemia' dos não vacinados: o que fazer para enfrentar a nova "Revolta da Vacina"?

ABSTRAC: The frequency of people hesitating to get vaccinated is increasing worldwide and regarding the covid-19 pandemic, this phenomenon has been increasingly noticed at a national level. This article exposes a brief presentation of the historical factors of this phenomenon, approaches its main determinants and conceptual model, in addition to presenting a set of communication strategies in vaccine health that can be implemented to face this problem to raise the credibility and adherence to immunizations. (AU)

RESUMO: A frequência da hesitação vacinal está aumentando em todo o mundo e, no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19, esse fenômeno vem sendo cada vez mais percebido no âmbito nacional. No presente trabalho, realizamos uma breve apresentação de fatores históricos desse fenômeno, abordamos seus principais determinantes e modelo conceitual, além de apresentar um conjunto de estratégias de (edu)comunicação em saúde vacinal que podem ser implementadas para enfrentamento dessa problemática com vista a elevar a credibilidade e a adesão às imunizações. (AU)

Couverture vaccinale et raisons de l'acceptation et de l'hésitation à la vaccination contre la COVID-19 chez les patients porteurs de pathologie cardiovasculaire à Ouahigouya / Vaccination coverage and reasons for accept ance orhesitation in vaccination against COVI D-19 in patients with cardiovascular disease in Ouahigouya

Objectif. La pandémie de COVID-19 a été cause d'une mortalité élevée chez les patients porteurs de comorbidités comme les pathologies cardiovasculaires. L'accélération de la mise sur marché des vaccins contre la pandémie a suscité une réticence envers ces derniers. L'étudié porte sur l'attitude des patients porteurs de pathologie cardiovasculaires vus en consultation cardiologique à Ouahigouya vis-à-vis de la vaccination contre la COVID-19. Population et méthodes. Une étude transversale a été menée du 1er au 25 avril 2022 dans trois cliniques privées de la ville de Ouahigouya. Nous avons inclus les patients consentants et porteurs de pathologie cardiovasculaire vus en consultation cardiologique. Le questionnaire était centré sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques de groupe vis-à-vis de la vaccination, notamment les raisons de 'l'acceptation ou du refus de se faire vacciner. Résultats. Cent-un patients ont été interviewés. Le sex-ratio était 1,46 avec un âge moyen de 48,26 ± 11,93 ans. Les plus représentés étaient les travailleurs indépendants, les urbains, les musulmans, les non-scolarisés et les mariés. L'HTA et ses complications étaient les atteintes cardiovasculaires les plus fréquentes (93,07%). La proportion de vaccinés était de 55,45%. Les raisons les plus évoquées par les vaccinés pour se vacciner étaient pour se protéger (100%) et le suivi des Recommandations gouvernementales et des agents respectivement 78,52% et 72,21%. Les raisons de l'hésitation vaccinale les plus citées étaient : la COVID-19 est une maladie banale (62,22%) et la peur des effets secondaires (44,44%). Conclusion. La vaccination contre la COVID-19 devrait se poursuivre, accompagnée d'une sensibilisation efficace afin d'améliorer le taux de couverture vaccinale parmi les patients porteurs de pathologies cardiovasculaires

Objective. COVID-19 pandemic has caused high mortality in patients with comorbidities such as cardiovascular pathologies. The acceleration of the marketing of vaccines against the pandemic has caused reluctance towards them. The study focuses on the attitude of patients with cardiovascular disease seen in cardiology consultation in Ouahigouya vis-à-vis COVID-19 vaccination. Population and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1 to 25, 2022 in three private clinics of the city of Ouahigouya. We included consenting patients and carriers of cardiovascular pathology seen in cardiology consultation. Our main data of interest were the knowledge, attitude and practice of this population towards vaccination, especially thereasons for accepting or refusing vaccination. Results One hundred and one patients were interviewed. The sex ratio was 1.46 with an average age of 48.26 ± 11.93 years. The most represented were the self-employed, urban dwellers, Muslims, the uneducated and the married. Hypertension and its complications were the most common cardiovascular disorders (93.07%). The proportion of vaccinated was 55.45%. The reasons most mentioned by the vaccinated for getting vaccinated were to protect themselves (100%) and to follow government recommendations and agents, respectively 78.52% and 72.21%. The most cited reasons for vaccine hesitation were: COVID-19 is a common disease (62.22%) and fear of side effects (44.44%). Conclusion. Vaccination against COVID-19 must continue, accompanied by effective awareness-raising in order to improve the vaccination coverage rate among patients with cardiovascular pathologies

Dengue: percepção sobre a importância da Vacinação / Dengue: perception of the importance of Vaccination

A dengue é uma arbovirose, classificada em quatro sorotipos: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 e DENV-4. Atualmente, os quatro sorotipos do vírus circulam no Brasil e a transmissão ocorre por meio do vetor artrópode, o mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), tornando fundamental campanhas públicas na área da saúde. Diante disso, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a percepção de mães e pais ou responsáveis legais e afetivos quanto à importância da vacinação em crianças e o potencial impacto na introdução de uma vacina contra a dengue. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, tratou-se de um estudo de campo de aspectos exploratórios, transversais, descritivos com uma abordagem quali-quantitativa. Para a pesquisa foi adaptado um questionário para ser respondido pelos pais ou responsáveis legais/afetivos das crianças. Foram realizadas aplicações de um questionário para 122 participantes, moradores do município de Coreaú, Ceará, entre novembro de 2020 a abril de 2021. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se que 100% dos respondentes concordam com a necessidade de uma vacina, enquanto 17,21% responderam que não acreditam na eficácia da vacinação, evidenciando cautelaDos respondentes, 86,07% responderam que não possuem medo de agulha ou de quaisquer outros métodos para vacinação, mas 13,93% ressaltam que tiveram uma má experiência com o profissional que aplicou a vacina. Ao estender as perguntas direcionadas para a faixa etária de crianças acerca de possíveis perigos, 39,34% concordaram. Os resultados evidenciam a importância que os pais ou responsáveis legais e afetivos atribuíram à vacinação, embora haja uma parcela que reluta quanto aos possíveis efeitos que possam surgir, sobretudo quando há disseminação de experiências pessoais que podem prejudicar a campanha vacinal. Também justificaram que os benefícios proporcionados pela vacinação dos seus filhos oportunizam a erradicação da doença e a proteção familiar. Assim, preconiza-se o debate sobre o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra o vírus da dengue e o estímulo do público à adesão da vacinação. Este estudo apontou a necessidade de discutir os impactos que o desenvolvimento de uma vacina poderá prover para a saúde da população contra o vírus da dengue transmitido pela picada do mosquito A. aegypti

Dengue is an arbovirus, classified into four serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. Currently, the four serotypes of the virus circulate in Brazil and transmission occurs through the arthropod vector, the Aedes aegypti mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae), making public campaigns in the health area essential. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the perception of mothers and fathers or legal and affective guardians regarding the importance of vaccination in children and the potential impact on the introduction of a vaccine against dengue. As for the methodological procedures, it was a field study of exploratory, transversal, descriptive aspects with a quali-quantitative approach. For the research, a questionnaire was adapted to be answered by the children's parents or legal/affective guardians. A questionnaire was applied to 122 participants, residents of the municipality of Coreaú, Ceará, between November 2020 and April 2021. Among the main results, it is highlighted that 100% of respondents agree with the need for a vaccine, while 17.21% responded that they do not believe in the effectiveness of vaccination, showing caution. Of the respondents, 86.07% answered that they are not afraid of needles or any other methods for vaccination, but 13.93% emphasize that they had a bad experience with the professional who applied the vaccine. When extending the questions directed to the age group of children about possible dangers, 39.34% agreed. The results show the importance that parents or legal and affective guardians attributed to vaccination, although there is a portion that is reluctant about the possible effects that may arise, especially when there is dissemination of personal experiences that can harm the vaccination campaign. They also justified that the benefits provided by vaccinating their children provide opportunities for the eradication of the disease and family protection. Thus, the debate on the development of a vaccine against the dengue virus and the encouragement of the public to the adherence to vaccination is recommended. This study pointed to the need to discuss the impacts that the development of a vaccine could provide for the health of the population against the dengue virus transmitted by the bite of the A. aegypti

Hesitação vacinal contra a COVID-19 em amostra nacional de idosos brasileiros: iniciativa ELSI-COVID, março de 2021 / Hesitación vacunal contra el COVID-19 en una muestra nacional de ancianos brasileños: iniciativa ELSI-COVID, marzo de 2021 / COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a national sample of older Brazilians: the ELSI-COVID Initiative, March 2021

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e fatores associados à intenção de se vacinar contra a COVID-19 entre idosos brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo seccional, baseado em entrevistas telefônicas de participantes do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (60 anos ou mais), conduzidas em 70 municípios, em março de 2021. As análises foram realizadas mediante regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Entre 4.364 participantes (idade média = 70,1 anos), 91,8% pretendiam se vacinar ou já haviam sido vacinados, 2,5% não tinham essa intenção e 5,7% estavam indecisos. Residentes do Norte e Sudeste brasileiros apresentaram maiores propensões para se vacinar, assim como aqueles com duas ou mais doenças crônicas. Os que se informam sobre a COVID-19 com amigos/familiares/mídia social foram mais propensos a estarem indecisos acerca da vacinação (odds ratio = 3,15; IC95% 1,28;7,77). Conclusão: Identificou-se uma das mais altas prevalências da intenção de se vacinar contra a COVID-19 descritas até a presente data.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la intención de vacunarse contra el COVID-19 en ancianos brasileños. Métodos: Estudio seccional basado em entrevistas telefónicas con participantes del Estudio longitudinal de la salud del anciano brasileño con 60 años o más, realizadas en 70 municipalidades es en marzo de 2021. Resultados: Entre los 4.364 participantes (edad promedio = 70,1 años), el 91,8% tenía la intención de vacunarse o ya lo había hecho, el 2,5% no tienen esta intención y el 5,7% está indeciso. Los residentes de las regiones Norte y Sudeste era más propenso a vacunarse, al igual que aquellos con dos o más enfermedades crónicas. Los que se enteraron del COVID-19 a través de amigos/familiares/redes sociales estaban más indecisos sobre la vacunación (odds ratio = 3,15; IC95% 1,28;7,77). Conclusión: Los resultados muestran una de las mayores prevalencias de intención de vacunación contra el COVID-19 descritas en la literatura hasta la fecha.

Objective: To determine prevalence and factors associated with intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 among older Brazilians. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on telephone interviews with participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) aged 60 years and over, conducted in 70 municipalities in March 2021. Results: Among the 4,364 participants (mean age = 70.1 years), 91.8% intended to get vaccinated or had already been vaccinated, 2.5% did not intend to get vaccinated and 5.7% were undecided. Participants living in the North and Southeast regions were more likely to want to get vaccinated, as were those with two or more chronic diseases. Those who learned about COVID-19 from friends/family/social media were more likely to be undecided about vaccination (odds ratio = 3.15; 95%CI 1.28;7.77). Conclusion: The study identified one of the highest prevalence of intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 described in the literature to date.

Perspectives of healthcare workers in South Africa on COVID-19 vaccination passports

Background: Following the rollout of several effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries have introduced vaccination passports or certificates as a means of certifying that an individual has been vaccinated against, is immune to, or is presently uninfected with COVID-19. An extensive ethical debate has ensued. Aim: To determine the perspectives of South African healthcare workers (HCWs) on the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination passports (C19VPs) in South Africa (SA). Setting: Healthcare workers working in various fields and practice settings throughout SA were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed using convenience sampling via social media platforms to HCWs over a 1-month period, collecting demographic details and responses to 8 Likert-type items regarding agreement with C19VPs, ethical issues and feasibility. Each item was graded from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with grouping of 4 of the 8 items exploring a common theme of C19VPs being a good idea, constituting a score out of 20. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine differences in responses between groups. Results: One thousand HCWs responded to the survey and fulfilled inclusion criteria. The majority (83.2%) of respondents were medical practitioners (MPs). Overall, most (73.5%) respondents agreed that C19VPs are a good idea. Older respondents agreed more strongly than younger respondents (medians 18 and 17, respectively, p = 0.001), and respondents in private practice agreed more strongly than those in state practice (medians 18 and 16, respectively, p = 0.042). The median response was neutral (3) in response to the ethics of C19VPs considering variations in vaccine access and tending towards disagreement (2.5) in disadvantaging poorer people. Most respondents disagreed that vaccine hesitancy would make C19VPs unethical, and responses from provinces with the highest vaccination proportions disagreed more than others with lower vaccination proportion (median 2 compared with 3, p < 0.001). There was uncertainty about the feasibility of C19VPs in SA, with older HCWs, non-students, senior MPs and those who thought C19VPs are a good idea being more likely to consider them feasible. Conclusion: The perspectives of HCWs, mainly MPs, about C19VPs in SA were obtained. Further research should focus on vaccine hesitancy and its factors in HCWs and the effect of C19VPs on restrictions, reduction in transmission and benefits on economies and mental health.

Prevalencia y factores asociados a la intención de vacunarse contra la COVID-19 en el Perú / Prevalence and factors associated with the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la intención de vacunación (IDV) contra la COVID-19 en el Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico utilizando una encuesta realizada por la Universidad de Maryland, EUA, en Facebook. La variable dependiente fue la IDV. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas, con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%), mediante modelos lineales generalizados de la familia Poisson para evaluar la asociación de variables sociodemográficas, el cumplimiento de estrategias comunitarias de mitigación, los síntomas de la COVID-19, la salud mental y la aceptación de la vacunación ante la recomendación (AVR) por diversos actores y autoridades sanitarias. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de 17 162 adultos. La prevalencia general de la IDV fue del 74,9%. Se asociaron a una menor prevalencia de la IDV ser de sexo femenino (RP=0,95; IC95%:0,94-0,97), vivir en un pueblo (RP=0,95; IC95%:0,91-0,99) o en una aldea u otra área rural (RP=0,90; IC95%:0,86-0,93) y la AVR de políticos (RP=0,89; IC95%: 0,87-0,92). Contrariamente, tener síntomas de COVID-19 (RP=1,06; IC95%:1,03-1,09), inseguridad económica (RP=1,04; IC95%: 1,01-1,06), miedo a enfermar o que un familiar enferme de COVID-19 (RP=1,49; IC95%: 1,36-1,64) y la AVR de familiares y amigos (RP=1,10; IC95%: 1,08-1,12), trabajadores de la salud (RP=1,29; IC95%: 1,26-1,32), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (RP=1,34; IC95%: 1,29-1,40) y funcionarios del gobierno (RP=1,18; IC95%: 1,15-1,22) se asociaron con mayor prevalencia de IDV. Conclusiones: Tres cuartas partes de los encuestados manifiestan IDV. Existen factores potencialmente modificables que podrían mejorar la aceptación de la vacuna.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the intention to be vaccinated (ITV) against COVID-19 in Peru. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study using the survey conducted by the University of Maryland, USA, on Facebook. The dependent variable is the ITV. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated, with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using generalized linear models of the Poisson family, in order to evaluate the association of sociodemographic variables, compliance with community mitigation strategies, symptoms of COVID-19, mental health and acceptance of vaccination before the recommendation (AVR) by various actors and health authorities, with the ITV. Results: Data from 17,162 adults were analyzed. The overall prevalence of the ITV was 74.9%. A lower prevalence of the ITV was associated with the female sex (PR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97), living in a town (PR=0.95; 95% CI: 0.91-0.99) or village or other rural area (PR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.86-0.93) and the AVR of politicians (PR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.87-0.92). Conversely, having COVID-19 symptoms (PR=1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.09), economic insecurity (PR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), fears of becoming seriously ill or that a family member becomes seriously ill from COVID-19 (PR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.36-1.64) and the AVR of family and friends (PR=1.10; 95% CI: 1.08-1.12), healthcare workers (PR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.26-1.32), World Health Organization (PR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.29-1.40) and government officials (PR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.15-1.22) was associated with a higher prevalence of the ITV. Conclusions: Three-quarters of the respondents had the ITV. There are potentially modifiable factors that could improve vaccine acceptance.

Fake news sobre vacinas: uma análise sob o modelo dos 3Cs da Organização Mundial da Saúde / Fake news sobre vacunas: un análisis bajo el modelo 3Cs de la Organización Mundial de la Salud / Vaccine fake news: an analysis under the World Health Organization's 3Cs model

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as fake news sobre imunobiológicos tomando como referência a hesitação vacinal no modelo dos 3Cs (confiança, complacência e conveniência) da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório que utilizou análise de conteúdo para analisar fake news em três sites de checagem de notícias nacionais. Resultados Foram analisadas 20 fake news relacionadas a imunobiológicos, sendo 55% publicadas em 2018 e 63% relacionadas à vacina contra febre amarela. A partir da análise dos resultados, duas categorias empíricas foram consideradas: Imunobiológicos têm potencial risco de morte/sequela e Imunobiológicos são ineficazes. Conclusão As fake news têm potencial para produzir hesitação vacinal baseado no modelo dos 3Cs. Sendo necessário, portanto, repensar práticas comunicativas em saúde que não subestimem as assimetrias e as iniquidades que caracterizam a desigual sociedade brasileira. Considerando que a enfermagem é a maior força de trabalho nas salas de vacinas, observa-se a necessidade do engajamento desses profissionais como veículo ativo de informações verídicas em imunobiológicos para a população.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las fake news sobre inmunobiológicos tomando como referencia la vacilación vacunal en el modelo de las 3Cs (confianza, complacencia y conveniencia) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Método Es una investigación cualitativa exploratoria que utilizó el análisis de contenido para analizar fake news en tres sitios nacionales de verificación de noticias. Resultados Se analizaron veinte fake news relacionadas con inmunobiológicos, con un 55% publicadas en 2018 y un 63% relacionadas con la vacuna contra la fiebre amarilla. A partir del análisis de los resultados, se consideraron dos categorías empíricas: Los inmunobiológicos tienen un riesgo potencial de muerte/secuelas; Los inmunobiológicos son ineficaces. Conclusión Las fake news tienen el potencial de producir dudas sobre la vacuna según el modelo 3Cs. Por tanto, es necesario repensar prácticas de salud comunicativa que no subestimen las asimetrías e inequidades que caracterizan a la desigual sociedad brasileña. Considerando que la enfermería es la mayor fuerza laboral en las salas de vacunación, existe la necesidad de involucrar a estos profesionales como vehículo activo de información veraz en inmunobiológicos para la población.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze fake news about immunobiologicals using as reference vaccine hesitancy in the World Health Organization's 3Cs model (confidence, complacency and convenience). Method This is an exploratory qualitative research that used content analysis to analyze fake news on three national news-checking sites. Results Twenty fake news related to immunobiologicals were analyzed, with 55% published in 2018 and 63% related to yellow fever vaccine. From analysis of results, two empirical categories have emerged: Immunobiologicals have a potential risk of death/sequel; Immunobiologicals are ineffective. Conclusion Fake news have the potential to produce vaccine hesitancy based on the 3Cs model. Therefore, it is necessary to rethink communicative health practices that do not underestimate the asymmetries and inequities that characterize the unequal Brazilian society. Considering that nursing is the largest workforce in immunization rooms, there is a need for professionals' engagement as an active vehicle of truthful information in immunobiologicals for the population.

El antiguo enemigo resurge: el sarampión está de vuelta / The oíd enemy resurfaces: measles is back

El sarampión regresa a nuestro país después de 20 años, los afectados no tenían antecedente de vacunación ese es su común denominador. ¿Por qué una enfermedad exantemática, y de fácil diagnóstico hoy en día continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública? Siendo que la estrategia de solución es eficiente y de bajo costo para una enfermedad prevenible por vacunación, que puede desarrollar graves complicaciones de salud. A nivel mundial el sarampión está de vuelta, dado que existen grupos antivacunas que defienden su postura de no aplicarlas por mitos, creencias religiosas o incluso la falsa asociación con el autismo. Esto ha generado un resultado negativo en la población, y como consecuencia una disminución de las coberturas de vacunación. Considerando el escenario epidemiológico antes descrito y el riesgo de propagación del sarampión lo mejor es fortalecer las medidas de prevención sin dejar de largo la contención de los brotes de la enfermedad manteniendo una estricta vigilancia epidemiológica para la identificación de casos probables de manera oportuna que cumplan con definición operacional de probable Sarampión.

Measles returns to our country after 20 years, those affected had no history of vaccination, that is their common denominator. Why an exanthematous disease, and easy to diagnose today it remains a serious public health problem? Being that the fact that the solution strategy is efficient and inexpensive for a vaccine-preventable disease, which can develop serious health complications. Globally, measles is back, since there are anti-vaccine groups that defend their position of not applying them due to myths, religious beliefs or even the false association with autism. This has generated a negative result in the population, and as a consequence a decrease in vaccination coverage. Considering the epidemiological scenario described above and the risk of the spread of measles, it is best to strengthen prevention measures without neglecting the containment of outbreaks of the disease, maintaining strict epidemiological surveillance to ¡dentify probable cases in a timely manner that comply with operational definition of probable Measles.

La sostenibilidad de la vacunación y los movimientos antivacunas en tiempos del nuevo coronavirus / Vaccination Sustainability and Anti-Vaccine Movements in the Times of the New Coronavirus

Estimado editor: En la lucha contra las enfermedades infecciosas, la vacunación como herramienta indispensable de la salud pública ha permitido ganar diversas batallas en la erradicación y eliminación de enfermedades como la viruela y la poliomielitis, así como controlar otras, entre las que figuran el sarampión, la tosferina y el tétanos. Anualmente, la inmunización evita una cifra estimada de 2,5 millones de muertes entre niños menores de cinco años a nivel mundial, de ahí que la eficacia y seguridad de las vacunas sea incuestionable.1,2,3) En la medida que estos logros representan importantes avances, nos convertimos en "víctimas de nuestros éxitos".4 Hoy, en el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19, los programas de vacunación están sufriendo importantes caídas y demoras. De ahí la importancia de mantener altas coberturas de vacunación, para evitar la emergencia y reemergencia de estas enfermedades, algunas potencialmente graves o mortales. La Directora de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), Dra. Carissa F. Etienne expresó: "Las vacunas salvan vidas y deben mantenerse incluso durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Las personas más vulnerables no deben sufrir las consecuencias de no recibir las vacunas que necesitan". De ahí, que se insta a los países a que durante la pandemia mantengan los programas de vacunación contra la gripe y el sarampión y así evitar...(AU)

Cultura de la salud en los familiares de niños sobre la vacunación. Policlínico "5 de Septiembre", enero-junio 2015 / Culture of health in family members of children about vaccination. Polyclinic "5 de Septiembre", January-June 2015

Objetivo: conocer desde la perspectiva social, los conocimientos y creencias de la población a partir del significado que las personas le atribuyen a las vacunas preventivas y al proceso de vacunación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con familiares de niños de 0 a 24 meses pertenecientes al Policlínico 5 de Septiembre, municipio Playa, La Habana, que abarcó de enero a junio de 2015. Se utilizó un diseño mixto convergente o por triangulación de datos. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista-cuestionario, entrevista a expertos y entrevista a informantes claves. Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel, la que se exportó al programa SPSS versión 19.0. En un primer momento, se realizó un análisis descriptivo, en el que se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables de estudio. Para establecer las relaciones entre el nivel de conocimiento y algunas variables sociodemográficas, para el análisis de los datos cualitativos, se realizaron lecturas reiteradas de las transcripciones de las entrevistas a expertos e informantes claves y de las respuestas a las preguntas abiertas del cuestionario para la familiarización con el contenido de estos. Resultados: Se puso de manifiesto la vía institucional en la cultura de la salud que poseen los familiares con relación a las vacunas y el proceso de vacunación. Los familiares presentaban en su mayoría conocimientos insuficientes acerca de las vacunas y las enfermedades que protegen estas. No presentaban conocimientos sobre los eventos adversos graves o severos. El proceso de vacunación mostró gran significado para los familiares, asociados a experiencias positivas con este. Conclusiones: Se inicia un acercamiento a la cultura de la salud, poseída por un grupo de familiares, relativos a las vacunas preventivas y el proceso de vacunación en Cuba. Las madres refuerzan la responsabilidad de vacunar al niño/a como parte del cuidado de la salud de este. La cultura de la salud en los familiares de niños/as no incluye información distorsionada sobre las vacunas preventivas y su efectividad. Se nutre exclusivamente de la cultura científica, aunque no la reproduce en su totalidad. El proceso de vacunación es altamente valorado por los familiares, dada la importancia que le atribuyen, la confianza que tienen en el Programa Nacional de Inmunización, la satisfacción que muestran con la organización del servicio y la atención del personal de salud(AU)

Objective: to know, from the social perspective, the population´s knowledge and beliefs based on the meaning that people attribute to preventive vaccines and the vaccination process. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out with relatives of children from 0 to 24 months from "5 de Septiembre" community clinic in Playa municipality, Havana, from January to June 2015. A mixed convergent or triangulation design was used. Data collection was completed by questionnaire interview, expert interview and interview to key informants. A database was created in Excel, which was exported to the SPSS program version 19.0. Initially, a descriptive analysis was performed, in which absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the study variables. Repeated readings were made of the transcripts of the interviews with experts and key informants and for the answers to the open questions of the questionnaire, to establish the analysis of the qualitative data, and for familiarization with their content. Results: It was shown the institutional pathway in health culture that family members have in relation to vaccines and the vaccination process. Most family members had poor knowledge about vaccines and the diseases they prevent. They did not show knowledge about serious or severe adverse events. The vaccination process showed great significance for family members, associated with positive experiences with it. Conclusions: This study initiates an approach to the health culture a group of family members had related to preventive vaccines and the vaccination process in Cuba. Mothers reinforce the responsibility of vaccinating the child as part of their child's health care. The health culture in family members of children does not include distorted information about preventive vaccines and their effectiveness. Their knowledge is fed exclusively by scientific culture, although it is entirety not reproduce. The vaccination process is highly valued by family members, given the importance they attach to it, the confidence they have in the National Immunization Program, the satisfaction they show with the organization of the service and the care of health personnel(AU)

Rechazo de los padres a la vacunación obligatoria en Chile. Desafíos éticos y jurídicos / Parental refusal to mandatory vaccination in Chile. Ethical and legal challenges

Resumen: Este artículo se presenta como una reflexión ética y jurídica acerca de la tendencia actual de los pa dres a rechazar la vacunación de sus hijos en un régimen jurídico que establece la obligatoriedad de determinadas vacunas. Se analizan los principales argumentos que los padres usan para rechazar las vacunaciones obligatorias, y, en concreto: el temor a los efectos negativos que la vacunación pueda provocar en el menor; la violación del "derecho a la autonomía"; las creencias religiosas o pseudo- filosóficas; la resistencia a la intervención del Estado en asuntos personales o familiares. De esto, nace un necesario análisis ético sobre la vacunación infantil. Finalmente, se discute la responsabilidad de los padres y del Estado (autoridad sanitaria) en el cuidado de los menores de edad. La vacunación es un beneficio tanto para el inoculado como para la comunidad, la mejor política preventiva. Al mismo tiempo, se configura como un caso complejo que demanda un debate profundo, cuyo fin debe ser el tránsito desde un aparente conflicto entre los padres y el Estado, a una convergencia por el cuidado de los menores de edad. En otros términos, se recalca el hecho de que los padres, más allá del cum plimiento de un deber normativo heterogéneo, deben actuar motivados por la adhesión voluntaria al bien del hijo y de la comunidad.

Abstract: This article is an ethical and legal reflection about the current trend of parents to refuse vaccination of their children under a legal regime that establishes mandatory use of certain vaccines. We analyze the main arguments used by parents to refuse obligatory vaccination, i.e., the fear of the negative effects that vaccination may have on the child; the violation of the "right to autonomy"; religious or pseudo-philosophical beliefs; and the resistance to the State intervention in personal or family mat ters. Therefore, this statement implies a necessary ethical analysis of childhood vaccination. Finally, it will be discussed the responsibility of parents and the State -the health authority- in the care of mi nors. Vaccination is a benefit for both the inoculated and the community, the best preventive policy. At the same time, it is considered a complex case that demands a profound debate, whose purpose should be the transition from an apparent conflict between parents and the State, to convergence for the care of minors. In other words, it is emphasized the fact that parents, beyond the fulfillment of a heterogeneous normative duty, must act motivated by voluntary adherence to the best interest of the child and the community.